So later I got interested not only about Iran but in the whole phenomenon of totalitarianism. So I went and I studied; as my professional studies, I went to study the post-communist and communist era of Central and Eastern Europe. Just imagine here, we have Prague in 1968, the [leader of Czechoslovakia, Alexander] Dubček is in power, and he’s coming with the very tiny reforms. Actually, Dubček is a communist. He has no problem with the establishment; he just wants to do some very tiny, minor economic reforms.
Later, when they got the tapes between the meetings of the Warsaw Pact, we will see that [General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Leonid] Brezhnev was pretty afraid to siege and to occupy Czechoslovakia. But then [General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, Walter] Ulbricht of the DDR, or German Democratic Republic, which was more orthodox, came with this very famous snowball argument: saying if Dubček starts to do this minor reform, then you cannot stop this process. Everywhere they want to have more reform, and then with reform, with the very tiny reform, then you have this huge avalanche, and the whole system will collapse.
That’s exactly inside the thinking of Mr. Khamenei, it is that if I go just one step back – and I’m telling this frankly to the people in Western administrations, in the U.S. administration, in politics, that if they think that they can somehow do these arguments and dialogues with Khamenei, he really, solidly as point of his personal political psychology, believes that any step back will be read by the public and by the West as point of weakness, and then they want everything.
So, this is not going to work with him, negotiation, step back, step forward. So, I think from the very start of reform movement, it was crystal clear that they are not going to tolerate that. If it comes to, as they did, house arrest of Mousavi, Karroubi, , Khatami, they are not going to tolerate that. There will never be any chance for a genuine reform based on the civil society capacities in Iran.
They know perfectly that the people are so fed up with this system; and the whole system is so inefficient ideologically that if they just open any tiny window, the whole system is going to collapse. And I think this is our strong point, because the job is almost done. It just needs a very tiny, little move because people are ready.
I’m quite familiar, I think, on my own level, to think tanks and institutes which are working in Iran; and I know the discourse here in D.C., in United States. Nobody would ever imagine that there would be five million people protesting in Azadi Square in Tehran – nobody, nobody. The intelligence community, they were always playing that down. They would say no, it has no roots. If you see all the reports, everything – almost everything – done by many, many think tanks in Iran, nobody was ready for five million people coming to Tehran and saying “death to dictator.” And that’s one half year before this [Arab] Spring of Middle East. So, I think the thing is just ready for a kind of, you know, the kind of involvement of Western and Eastern Europe and Central Europe, just helping people to be able to express their opinion.
We do not need to make an opinion there. Opinion there, public opinion, is even in a lot of points more anti-establishment of the Islamic republic than opinion of the West. I think Mr. Ahmadinejad, in particular, in some of Western countries has probably more support than in Iran. He is president of the unique country where people came – under the threat of the police, under the threat of harassment – they came to the center of Tehran to sympathize with victims of the 11th of September. So, as far as I know, in no other country in the region, even U.S. allies, for example, Turkey, has something like this ever happened: a country where 40, 50 percent people vote for anti-secular parties, nothing happened – something like that. But in Iran, under the threat of arrest, the people, the young people, they know that they were going to be arrested. They came to express their sympathy towards the United States of America.
They publicly support United States of America´s fight for freedom. These are unique things; these are the things you can see only in the United States, in Israel, and in Iran. So, I think public opinion is pretty ready. It just needs taking all hope. It just needs, you know, this assistance, which the West gave to Eastern European countries to free them from the Soviet Union.
Nima Rashedan was among the first Iranian cyber-activists. Born in Tehran in 1974, his father was a leftist opponent of the government headed by the Shah, so the family was forced into exile in the United States but returned to Iran after the 1979 revolution.
Upon his return, Rashedan became a member of student organizations and worked as a journalist, becoming one of the first writers to publish articles in Farsi on the Internet. In the late 1990s, after the election of President Khatami, he began writing pro-democracy articles.
In 1998, Rashedan was arrested and served time in prison, including a month in solitary confinement. After his release, Rashedan immigrated to Switzerland. He now lives in the Czech Republic and continues his work as a cyber-journalist and advocate. A frequent focus of his work is the similarity between the methods and objectives of the current Iranian regime and those of the former Soviet Union.
The Islamic Republic of Iran is the world’s only remaining theocratic state, in which political leadership is vested in religious authorities. The Islamic Republic was created in 1979 following a revolution against the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. Although many elements of Iranian society led the revolution, ultimately Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and his followers gained control of the country. In December 1979, the country adopted an Islamic constitution providing that “all civil, criminal, financial, economic, administrative, cultural, military, political and all other statutes and regulations be in keeping with Islamic [law].”
Following adoption of the new constitution, Khomeini became the “Supreme Leader,” the ultimate political and religious authority in the country. Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Hoseyni Khamenei has been Supreme Leader since Khomeini’s death in 1989. The Supreme Leader is selected by a body of Islamic scholars called the Assembly of Experts. The Supreme Leader is responsible for the military and security concerns of Iran and has the final say on all issues. The president of Iran, who is elected by the public from a list approved by the Guardian Council (a body comprised of clerics and jurists), is nominally responsible for administration of the executive branch and is subject to the authority of the Supreme Leader.
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was elected president in 2005. Ahmadinejad was viewed as an ultraconservative and his views a stark contrast from the relatively reformist policies of his predecessor, President Mohammad Khatami. Despite promises of equality and fighting corruption, Ahmadinejad and his administration cracked down on civil liberties and more strictly enforced religious-based morality laws.
Ahmadinejad was reelected in 2009 in an election widely viewed as fraudulent. Following the June 2009 election, hundreds of thousands of Iranians took to the streets in the largest protests in the country since 1979, which came to be known as the “Green Revolution.” The government responded to the peaceful protestors with a massive campaign of intimidation, violence, and limits on freedoms. Universities were closed down, media outlets and internet resources censored, and rights to assembly restricted.
In June 2013, Hassan Rouhani was elected President and replaced Ahmadinejad. Rouhani has a reputation as a relatively moderate reformer and has promised additional freedoms and rights. It remains to be seen whether or not these promises will be fulfilled.
According to Freedom House, Iran is one of the least-free countries in the world. In its most recent report, Iran received a score of six in both the political rights and civil liberties categories, where one represents most free and seven represents least free. Iran has been the subject of numerous resolutions at the United Nations condemning the country’s human rights record. Among other things, the government uses summary arrest and execution against its political opponents. The death penalty is applied even for nonviolent crimes, including adultery. Radio and television broadcasting are under the control of the government and provide only government-approved content. Women are denied equal rights in marriage and other areas.